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عمران::
جداره تونل
Tunnels liners were discussed in Chapter 1 of this manual.
The tunnel liner supports the ground around the tunnel and restricts groundwater infiltration into the tunnel.
If structural steel components have been incorporated into the tunnel liner, then these steel elements should be inspected using the methods described previously for structural steel materials.
Architectural Finish - Many concrete tunnel liners are covered by an architectural finish such as ceramic tiles or metal panels (Figure 4.23).
Masonry Liners - Masonry tunnel liners have not seen much use for highway tunnels since this method was largely supplanted by concrete technology that came into existence before many highway tunnels were built.
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